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1099 |
First Crusade ( The People's Crusade). Jerusalem is re-taken from the Muslims on the urging of Pope Urban II. 1st Crusade led by Count Raymond IV of Toulouse and proclaimed by many wandering preachers, notably Peter the Hermit |
1118 |
The Knights Templar founded to protect Jerusalem and European pilgrims on their journey to the city |
1138 |
1138 -1254 - The Hohenstaufen dynasty |
1147 |
Second Crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III and by King Louis VII of France |
1190 |
Third Crusade 3rd Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. Saladin manages to unite the Muslim world and recapture Jerusalem, sparking the fourth Crusade |
1200 |
Fourth Crusade and the French/Flemish advanced on Constantinople but the Christians fail to recapture Jerusalem |
1212 |
The Children's Crusade led by a French peasant boy, Stephen of Cloyes |
1270 |
Other crusades follow including the eighth crusade led by Louis IX of France - but the armies still fail to capture Jerusalem |
1273 |
Rudolf of Hapsburg crowned king of the Germans |
1348 |
The Black Death ravages Europe for the first of many times. An estimated one third of the population is thought to have perished within the first year |
1499 |
Switzerland breaks away from the German empire |
1517 |
Martin Luther initiates the Reformation |
1546 |
1546-1547: Emperor Charles V defeats the Protestant princes and allies |
1555 |
The Peace of Augsburg where the princes determine the religion of their territories |
1618 |
1618 - 1648: The Thirty Years War ending with the Peace of Westphalia |
1701 |
Frederick crowned the first king of Prussia |
1740 |
1740 - 1748: The War of Austrian Succession |
1806 |
The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon Bonaparte |
1806 |
Prussia declared war on France and was defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte |
1813 |
The Prussians helped defeat Napoleon Bonaparte at Leipzig |
1814 |
1814-1815: Congress of Vienna establishes the German Confederation of 39 independent German states |
1815 |
Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo |
1862 |
Otto von Bismarck appointed prime minister of Prussia |
1870 |
Franco-Prussian War |
1871 |
January: Germany captures Paris |
1871 |
18 January: Wilhelm I was crowned the first Kaiser of the German Empire uniting all of the German states |
1914 |
28 June - Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina provoking World War I |
1918 |
9 November: Germany was declared a republic |
1918 |
11 November: The Treaty of Versailles ends World War Iand the Rhineland was placed under Allied occupation for 15 years |
1919 |
19 January: A national assembly meets in Weimar to write a new German Constitution - called the Weimar Republic |
1923 |
The National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis) attempt an unsuccessful armed rebellion led by Adolf Hitler |
1933 |
Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as the chancellor and Nazi Germany begin persecuting Jews |
1934 |
Adolf Hitler declared himself der Fuhrer. The Nazi German government is called the Third Reich |
1938 |
10 April: Germany annexes Austria |
1939 |
16 March: Germany occupies Czechoslovakia |
1939 |
1 September: Germany invades Poland starting World War 2 |
1940 |
Germany captures Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Luxembourg. The Allies including Russia, UK and USA retaliate |
1945 |
30 April: Adolf Hitler commits suicide |
1949 |
May: The Allies approve a constitution for western Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) and East Germany adopts a Communist-prepared constitution |
1955 |
5 May: West Germany obtains independence |
1961 |
August: The Berlin Wall was built |
1989 |
9 November: The Berlin Wall demolished and Communist East Germans were able to travel to the West of Germany |
1990 |
3 October - East and West Germany was reunited. |
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